Every claim on BrainDifferent is grounded in peer-reviewed research, clinical expertise, and the work of leading specialists in learning differences. Here's where it all comes from.
Key researchers
The information on this site draws on the work of leading researchers and clinicians who have dedicated their careers to understanding learning differences. Their contributions are cited throughout our pages.
One of the world's foremost experts on the reading brain and dyslexia. Her research examines how literacy changes the brain and what goes differently in dyslexic readers.
Pioneer in dyslexia research. Her neuroimaging studies identified the brain-based nature of dyslexia and established that it is a phonological processing difference, not a vision problem.
The leading authority on dyscalculia. Butterworth's research established dyscalculia as a genuine neurological condition affecting number sense, distinct from mathematical anxiety or poor teaching.
A leading researcher in developmental coordination disorder and dysgraphia. Her work focuses on identifying motor-based learning difficulties in children and developing practical interventions.
Orton, a neurologist, and Gillingham, an educator and psychologist, developed the Orton-Gillingham approach in the 1930s — still the gold standard for structured literacy instruction for dyslexic learners.
Founders of the Dyscalculia Network, one of the primary UK organizations raising awareness of dyscalculia among educators, parents, and policymakers.
Full references
The following references underpin the factual claims, statistics, and descriptions found on our dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia pages. Where possible, we link to publicly accessible sources.
Organizations
These are the organizations referenced across our pages. All are reputable, evidence-based sources of support, advocacy, and professional referrals.
The leading non-profit in dyslexia research, education, and advocacy. Provides a referral directory for evaluators, tutors, and therapists trained in structured literacy.
A grassroots parent-led movement active across all 50 US states. Focuses on improving access to evidence-based literacy instruction and advocating for policy change in schools.
Research and public education hub led by Drs. Sally and Bennett Shaywitz. Excellent source of research summaries, news, and resources for parents and educators.
A UK-based organization dedicated to raising awareness of dyscalculia among educators, parents, and policymakers. Provides assessor directories and training resources.
The website of Professor Brian Butterworth, including research papers, assessment tools, and plain-language explanations of dyscalculia for parents and teachers.
Evidence-based handwriting and writing curriculum used by occupational therapists and teachers. One of the most widely recommended programs for children with dysgraphia.
Broad-based organization covering all specific learning disabilities. Provides research, advocacy support, and a directory of state affiliates for local resources.
A comprehensive digital resource for parents and adults navigating learning and attention differences. Covers dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia, ADHD, and more with accessible, well-researched content.
Tools & technology
These tools are referenced in our condition pages as practical aids for people with learning differences. We have no commercial relationship with any of them.
A free app that replaces graph paper, allowing students to set up and solve math problems digitally — removing the fine motor and spatial demands of written math.
Records audio while you write, syncing notes to the recording. Allows students to focus on listening rather than writing while still capturing information.
Digital note-taking app that combines handwriting, typing, and audio recording in one place — ideal for students who need flexible ways to capture information.
Native dictation features on iOS, Android, Windows, and macOS allow users to compose text entirely by speaking — a powerful tool for those blocked by handwriting or typing.
Services like Audible, Learning Ally, and built-in text-to-speech on all major devices allow dyslexic readers to access written content through audio.
AI-powered writing assistant that catches spelling, grammar, and style issues in real time — a valuable support tool for anyone whose written output doesn't reflect their actual knowledge.
Legal frameworks
The following legislation is referenced across our condition pages in relation to educational rights, evaluation entitlements, and school accommodations. These apply primarily in the United States — rights vary by country.
Federal law requiring public schools to provide a free and appropriate public education to children with disabilities. Under IDEA, parents can request a free psychoeducational evaluation through their school district at any time, and the school must respond within 60 days.
Prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in programs receiving federal funding, including public schools. A 504 Plan outlines specific accommodations a student is entitled to — such as extended time, calculator use, or typed assignments — without requiring special education services.
A legally binding document created for students who qualify for special education services under IDEA. It outlines specific educational goals, services, and accommodations tailored to that student's needs. Parents are part of the IEP team and must consent to the plan.
UK framework governing how schools, local authorities, and health services support children with special educational needs. Children can be assessed for an Education, Health and Care (EHC) Plan, which is the UK equivalent of an IEP. Parents can request an assessment from their local authority at any time.
A note on our sources: BrainDifferent is an educational resource, not a medical or academic publication. We have made every effort to ground our content in reputable, peer-reviewed research and the work of leading specialists. However, this site does not constitute medical or psychological advice. If you have concerns about a learning difference — for yourself or your child — please consult a qualified professional. The organizations listed above are excellent starting points for finding accredited evaluators and specialists in your area.
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